CONSONANT SOUNDS /Ð/ AND /θ/

ENGLISH LANGUAGE S.S.S.1 FIRST TERM

THEME: SPEECH

WEEK TWO

CONSONANT SOUNDS /Ð/ AND /θ/

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Identify the given Consonant sounds
2. Make examples from them

CONTENT

The English digraph represents two different phonemes in English: the voiceless dental fricative /θ/ as in "thin" and the voiced dental fricative /ð/ as in "this."

The voiced /ð/ sound tends to occur in function words (minor grammatical words like articles, determiners, and such, so a spelling in such words is most often /ð/. This includes some words that are not used in modern English (marked with asterisks below).

the this, that, these, those, they, then, there, therefore, thereupon, though, although, then, hither*, thither*, whither*, thee*, thy*, thou*, thyself*

/θ/ is an unvoiced consonant; its voiced counterpart is IPA phoneme /ð/. Both phonemes are consistently spelt "th".

Initial pronunciation of /θ/:

• thanks - theaterAmE - theatreBrE - theme - theory - therapy - thick - thin - thing - think - thirteen - thirst - thirty - thorough - thought - thousand - threat - three - threw - throat - through - throw - thumb - Thursday

Final pronunciation of /θ/:

• bath - beneath - birth - both - breath - death - depth - earth - faith - forth - growth - health - length - mathAmE - month - mouth - north - path - south - strength - teeth - tooth - truth - wealth - worth - youth

Middle pronunciation of /θ/:

• anything - everything - nothing - something
• athlete - author - Dorothy - Ethiopia /iːθiːˈoʊpiːə/ - ethnic - healthy - hypothesis - Martha - mathematics - mathsBrE - method - monthly - strengthen – wealthy

 

 

 

 

 

/ð/ is a voiced consonant; its unvoiced counterpart is IPA phoneme /θ/. Both phonemes are consistently spelt "th".

With initial /ð/:

Grammar words: than - that - the - their - them - then - there - these - they - this - those - though - thus

/ð/ in mid-position:

Grammar words: although - another - either - neither - other - rather - together - whether - within /wɪðˈɪn, wɪθˈɪnAmE/ - without /wɪˈðaʊt, wɪθˈaʊtAmE/

Content words: bother - brother - clothing - father - farther - feather - further - gather - leather - mother - Netherlands - northern - rhythm - southern /ˈsʌðərn/ - weather

With final /ð/:

Grammar word: with /wɪð/ or /wɪθ/

Content words: breathe - smooth

 

 

THEME: VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURE

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Identify words related to Agriculture
2. Use words in meaningful sentences

CONTENT

1. Ability - (noun) our ability to produce hay has tripled over the past three years.
2. Academic - (adjective) it's important to have an academic background when breeding crops.
3. Activities - (noun) our fall activities include a hayride and corn maze.
4. Affect - (verb) the past winter's rains will affect the harvest.
5. Agricultural - (adjective) the agricultural landscape has changed greatly over the past fifty years.
6. Agriculture - (noun) Agriculture used to play a much larger role in the economy.
7. American - (adjective) American farmers produce wheat which is sold abroad.
8. Animal - (noun) it's important not to feed these animals and corn.
9. Aquaculture - (noun) Aquaculture is an expanding business opportunity.
10. Aspect - (noun) one aspect of our business focuses on grain production.
11. Background - (noun) our family has an excellent background in agriculture.
12. Bails - (noun) Pick up those bails of hay and take them to the barn.
13. Bitten - (adjective) if you've been bitten by a snake, see the doctor!
14. Breed - (noun) we breed horses on our ranch.
15. Breeding - (noun) Breeding dogs is a popular business in the countryside.
16. Business - (noun) our business focuses on hemp import.
17. Care - (noun) we should provide better care for our livestock.
18. Cattle - (noun) the cattle are in the south field.
19. Certification - (noun) we need to apply for certification once every three years.
20. Chemicals - (noun plural) we promise not to use chemicals in our fertilizer.
21. Clean - (adjective) you'll find the barn is clean and ready for the livestock.
22. Climate - (noun) the climate is changing rapidly and we need to respond.
23. Cold - (adjective) Last year we lost a few crops to the cold.
24. Common - (adjective) it's a common method to fight insect infestation.
25. Cow - (noun) the cow was ill and was slaughtered.
26. Credit - (noun) it's risky business taking out credit to seed a new field.
27. Crop - (noun) this year's corn crop was outstanding.
28. Customer - (noun) the customer is always king.
29. Dairy - (adjective) our dairy products are sold throughout Washington.

 

30. Egg - (noun) we gather more than 1,000 eggs each day.
31. Environment - (noun) the environment is fragile.
32. Equipment - (noun) the equipment is located in the barn.
33. Exposure- (noun) the eastern field has more exposure to the sun.
34. Facilities - (noun) Our facilities include three hundred acres of pasture land.
35. Farm - (noun) The farm is located in Vermont.
36. Farmer - (noun) The farmer purchased seed for his livestock.
37. Feed - (noun) Take the feed out to the barn.
38. Fertilizer - (noun) We use the best fertilizer possible on our crops.
39. Fibre - (noun) You need more fibre in your diet.

 

 

THEME: READING

COMPREHENSION

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Read the passage carefully
2. Answer questions from the passage.

CONTENT

Lizards

Lizards are members of the reptile family. Other members are snakes, turtles, crocodiles and alligators. Lizards have several things in common with other reptiles. All reptiles are cold-blooded. They cannot control their body temperature. It is controlled by their surroundings. Lizards must work to maintain its temperature. Another characteristic which lizards have in common with all reptiles is that their skin is made of scales.

Lizards shed their skin frequently because the skin doesn't grow with them. They have lungs and breathe like humans. They breathe through nostrils above their mouths. They have a special organ on the roof of their mouth. It is a Jacobson's organ. Lizards smell with this. They pick up the smells with their tongues. The smells travel to the Jacobson's organ. Lizards can sense prey this way. Their eyes and ears are located on either side of their heads.

Lizards have a simple body shape. They have ahead, a pair of legs, a long body, another pair of legs and a tail. Their tails can help them balance, swim, or grab tree branches. Some lizards use their tails as a weapon. They can also wiggle away from a predator which grabs their tail. Certain muscles will cause it to fall off, but the tail still moves. The predator watches the tail, and the lizards can escape. Then lizards can grow a new tail. Lizards range in size from one and one-half inches long to seven and one-half feet. The Komodo dragon is the biggest lizard. The Komodo dragons live in Indonesia. The smallest lizards live in the British Virgin Islands.

 

Lizards can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Many live in tropical rain forests. Food is plentiful for them there. The hot damp climate allows them to maintain their body temperatures. They can be found also in deserts and other hot, dry areas. Many of the desert lizards are nocturnal. They come out in the cooler evening. Very hot weather is not good for them. Lizards that live in cold climates hibernate through the winter. Their bodies can't tolerate the cold temperatures. Also, food is not as readily available in the winter.

Some lizards are carnivores and some are herbivores. Large carnivores like the Komodo dragon will eat anything they can find. They need a lot of food so will hunt bigger prey, like deer and cattle. Gila monsters are also rather large lizards. They usually look for baby birds and mice. They bite their prey. Poison flows from their mouths into the wound. Gila monsters are the only venomous lizards in the United States. Smaller carnivores eat insects, other lizards and small animals. Herbivores eat leaves, fruit, flowers and other plants. They can more easily obtain food. They don't have to hunt or wait in hiding like the carnivores.

Lizards are prey to birds, snakes, bears, raccoons, and coyotes. They try to avoid the predators by hiding underground or behind rocks during the day. At night they stay in a nice warm burrow under the ground.

In summary, lizards are members of the reptile family. Like reptiles, they are cold-blooded. Their temperature is controlled by their environment. They have to work at keeping their bodies at a comfortable temperature. Also, like reptiles, their skin is composed of scales.

1) In which of the following families are lizards?

A: Amphibian

B: Reptile

C: Insect

D: Arachnid

2) Which of the following statement is true?

A: All lizards are carnivores.

B: The Komodo dragon is the largest lizard.

C: One kind of lizard lives in Antarctica.

D: Only some lizards have scales.

3) Which of the following tells why lizards shed their skin frequently?

A: The skin doesn't grow as they grow.

B: They change colour as they grow.

C: They want to escape from predators.

D: The skin gets dry from hot temperatures.

4) Which of the following tells the size of the largest lizards

A: 6 inches

B: 3 feet

C: 3 inches

D: 7-10 feet.

5) Which of the following tells why desert lizards nocturnal?

A: Their eyes cannot adapt to bright light.

B: The temperature is too hot in the daytime.

C: They see better at night.

D: It is warm and moist at night.

6) Which of the following places do lizards live?

A: North America

B: Africa, Asia and South America

C: Europe

D: All of the above.

 

THEME: STRUCTURE

NOUNS AND ARTICLES

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Identify nouns and articles
2. Make sentences with the nouns and articles

CONTENT

Use of Articles in Nouns

 English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.

 As a guide, the following definitions summarize the basic use of articles. Continue reading for a more detailed explanation of the rules and for examples of how and when to apply them.

 

1. Definite article

• the (before a singular or plural noun)

2. Indefinite article

• a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)

• a (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)

To understand how articles are used, it is important to know that nouns can be either count (can be counted) or noncount (indefinite in quantity and cannot be counted). Also, count nouns are either singular (one) or plural (more than one). Noncount nouns are always in a singular form.

For example, if we are speaking of water that has been spilt on the table, there can be one drop (singular) or two or more drops (plural) of water on the table. The word drop in this example is a count noun because we can count the number of drops. Therefore, according to the rules applying to count nouns, the word drop would use the articles “a” or “the”.

However, if we are speaking of water in general spilt on the table, it would not be appropriate to count one water or two waters -- there would simply be water on the table. Water is a non-count noun. Therefore, according to the rules applying to non-count nouns, the word water would use no article or the, but not a.

Count nouns - refers to items that can be counted and are either singular or plural

Non-count nouns - refers to items that are not counted and are always singular

Examples of Nouns using Articles;

• The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge on the way to town.

• Cathy loves the weekends in the country.

 • We enjoyed a swim after breakfast

• The person threw the rock across the yard

• The team threw confetti when it was over

Examples of Nouns using Articles in passages;

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

 

 

 

THEME: COMPOSITION

EXPOSITORY

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Write a comprehensive Expository Essay

CONTENT

Example of an Expository Essay on "Corruption in my society"

Corruption as any anti-values is the results of incentives conditioned by economic realities. This would mean in this case of Nigeria that the problem of corruption in Nigeria is economic and that corruption is something caused by economic crises. Positions in the bureaucracy are seen as rewards for the corruption opportunities these positions offer. Leaders in Nigeria make use of government funds for themselves and their own families. When a leader is elected to an official position, his or her entourage think that it’s their turn to steal. I think that the origin of corrupt behaviour in Nigeria is to be sought on the side of legal and economic rules that govern the relations between the administration and citizens. Indeed, with institutions encouraging influence peddling, embezzled, nepotism, corruption behaviour becomes more valuable in the eyes of citizens than respect for the rights of others and respect for the institutions. Corruption seriously undermines Nigeria’s efforts to meet good governance and significantly cut the resources available for poverty reduction. When a state is weak and people are so poorly paid, people will always want to ask for bribes for their survival.

Essay on Elections in the Country

An election is a process through which people can express their political opinion. They express this opinion by public voting to choose a political leader. Furthermore, this political leader would have authority and responsibility. Most noteworthy, Election is a formal group decision making the process. Also, the selected political leader would hold public office. The election is certainly a vital pillar of democracy. This is because; Election ensures that the government is of the people, by the people, and for the people.

Characteristics of Election

First of all, suffrage is an important part of Election. Most noteworthy, suffrage refers to the right to vote in Elections. The question of who may vote is certainly an important issue. The electorate probably never includes the entire population. Almost all countries prohibit individuals under the age of majority from voting. For example, in India, the age of majority is attainable at the age of 18 years.

The nomination of a candidate is also an important characteristic of Election. This means to officially suggest someone for Election. Nomination refers to the process of selecting a candidate for election to a public office. Furthermore, endorsements or testimonials are public statements to support a candidate’s nomination.

 

Another essential characteristic of Election is electoral systems. Electoral systems refer to detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems. Furthermore, detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems convert the vote into a political decision.

The first step is the tally of votes. For this purpose, there is the use of various vote counting systems and ballot. Then comes the determination of the result based on the tally. Also, the categorization of most systems is as either proportional or majoritarian.

Scheduling refers to arranging and controlling of Elections. Elected officials are accountable to the people. Therefore, they must return to the voters at regular intervals of time. Elected officials must do that to seek a mandate to continue in office. Above all, most countries arrange elections at fixed regular intervals.

An election campaign is also an integral part of Election. Election campaign refers to an organized effort to positively influence the decision making of a particular group. Consequently, politicians compete with each other by trying to woo more and more individuals.

Importance of Election

First of all, the Election is a peaceful and efficient way of choosing political leaders. Furthermore, citizens of a Nation choose a leader by casting their votes. In this way, the citizens can choose an individual whose views appeal to them most. Hence, people can exercise their will in political leadership.

An election is an excellent opportunity for people to express their resentment. Most noteworthy, if people are unhappy with a particular leadership, then they can remove it from power. People can certainly replace an undesirous leadership with a better alternative through Election.

 

 

THEME: VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH FISHING AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Identify words related to Agriculture
2. Use words in meaningful sentences

CONTENT

 

1. Fishing the act of someone who fishes as a diversion
2. Pole a long rod of wood, metal, or plastic
3. Worm any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae
4. Bait something used to lure fish or other animals
5. Hook a mechanical device that is curved or bent to suspend or hold or pull something
6. Canoe a small, light boat propelled with a paddle
7. Summer the warmest season of the year
8. Pond a small lake
9. Lake a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
10. Boat a small vessel for travel on water
11. Cast put or send forth
12. Bass the lowest part of the musical range
13. Trout any of various game and food fishes of cool fresh waters mostly smaller than typical salmons
14. Catfish any of numerous mostly freshwater bottom-living fishes of Eurasia and North America with barbells like whiskers around the mouth
15. Float be on or below a liquid surface and not sink to the bottom
16. Line a length without breadth or thickness
17. Net an open fabric of string or rope or wire is woven together
18. Catch take hold of to seize or stop the motion of
19. Hat headdress that protects the head from bad weather
20. License a legal document giving official permission to do something
21. Sinker a weight that sinks
22. Bobber a small float usually made of cork
23. Splash cause (a liquid) to spatter about, especially with force
24. Reel a winder around which flexible materials can be wound
25. Wiggly curved or curving in and out

 

 

Animal farming

RELATED WORDS

1. brand NOUN

a mark that is burnt onto the skin of an animal such as a cow, to show who owns it

2. brand VERB

to burn a mark onto the skin of an animal such as a cow, to show who owns it

3. cattle prod NOUN

a stick that can give an electric shock, used for making an animal move in a particular direction

4. churn NOUN

BRITISH a milk churn

5. corral VERB

to move horses, cows etc into a corral

 

6. crate NOUN

a large container in which farm animals are kept

7. crook NOUN

a long stick that is curved at one end, used by shepherds for controlling their sheep

8. dairy ADJECTIVE

involved or used in producing milk or foods made from milk

9. dip VERB

to put an animal in a bath filled with a chemical that kills insects on its skin

10. dip NOUN

a liquid chemical used for killing insects on an animal’s skin

11. drive VERB

to make a group of animals move somewhere

12. factory farm NOUN

a system in which animals or birds are kept inside in small spaces and made to grow or produce eggs very quickly

13. farm NOUN

a place where a particular type of animal is produced to be sold

14. fatten VERB

to make an animal fat so that it will be nicer to eat

15. fish farm NOUN

an enclosed area of water where fish are bred

16. graze VERB

to put an animal in a place where it can eat grass

 

17. grazing NOUN

the farming practice of putting animals in a place where they can eat grass

 

18. head NOUN

used as a way of counting farm animals

 

19. herd VERB

to make a group of animals move together to another place

 

20. husbandry NOUN

the activity of farming and caring for animals

 

21. keep VERB

to own animals and look after them

 

22. lasso NOUN

a long rope with one end tied in a circle used especially in North America for controlling horses, cows, and other large animals

23. litter NOUN

any substance that farm animals sleep on

24. manger NOUN

a long low open container that horses or cows eat from

25. manure NOUN

solid waste from farm animals, often mixed with other substances and used on crops to help them to grow

26. milk VERB

to take milk from a cow, goat, or sheep

 

27. milk churn NOUN

BRITISH a large metal container used for carrying milk from farms

28. muck out PHRASAL VERB

to clean a place or building where farm animals live

29. nosering NOUN

a metal ring that is fixed through an animal’s nose and used for tying a rope to

30. overgrazing NOUN

the act of allowing animals to eat so much grass in an area of land that the land is damaged

31. ox NOUN

a large type of cow that is used on farms for pulling or carrying things

32. pasture VERB

to put sheep, cows etc in a field so that they can eat the grass

33. pen VERB

to shut an animal in a small area with a fence around it

34. prod NOUN

a long thin object used for prodding an animal

35. put out/retire to stud PHRASE

to keep a male animal that no longer works for breeding

36. put something out to pasture PHRASE

to put a sheep, cow etc in a field so that it can eat the grass

37. raise the VERB

MAINLY AMERICAN to keep a particular type of animal or grow a particular crop

38. ranch NOUN

a very large farm in the western US or Canada, where cows, horses, or sheep are kept

39. rope VERB

AMERICAN to catch a farm animal using a rope, usually in a rodeo

40. shear VERB

to cut the wool from a sheep

41. shearing NOUN

the process of cutting the wool from sheep

42. sheep dip NOUN

a chemical that is used for killing insects in a sheep’s wool, or the container used for this treatment

43. stall NOUN

a narrow space for one animal such as a horse or pig

44. station NOUN

a large farm in Australia or New Zealand where sheep or cattle are kept

45. stock NOUN

animals such as cows and pigs that are kept on a farm

46. stock VERB

to put fish in a lake or river