COMPREHENSION
English Language JSS1 First Term
WEEK TWO
THEME: READING
COMPREHENSION
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Students should be able to;
- Read passages
- Recall salient points in a given passage
- Review the passage
CONTENT
Read the passage below and answer the following questions.
Nutrition
Everyone eats food. Some people eat lots of fruit and vegetables, others may eat more or less meat, and some people may eat healthily, but others do not. All of it is related to nutrition. Nutrition is the process of how people get the food that is needed to grow strong and healthy along with obtaining the necessary vitamins and nutrients to help bodies grow and function.
For children, good nutrition is especially important and it is necessary to eat healthy foods because kids are constantly growing. Good nutrition will lead to healthy bones and muscles, and without receiving the correct vitamins and nutrients while growing, a child will not grow as tall and as strong as they could be.
There are many aspects of nutrition including knowing about the different food groups, understanding calories and learning about the different vitamins, nutrients, and minerals a body needs, and what to avoid.
There are five main food groups that should be eaten each day. Eating a variety of foods in each group will lead to receiving the most important nutrients to remain strong and healthy. The first food group includes grains such as bread, cereals, pasta, and rice. The second food group is dairy, which includes milk, cheese, yoghurt, and other dairy products. Apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, and much more are a part of the third food group, fruits. Of course, vegetables is in its own food group as well. There are many, many vegetables available to eat including beans, broccoli, peas, carrots, corn, and others. Finally, the fifth and final food group is protein, which can be found in beef, chicken, eggs, nuts, fish, and pork.
The portion size of each food group is not the same. For example, it is recommended that a person eat slightly more vegetables and grains than fruit and protein for each meal. There are also other guidelines on how to eat healthier, some of which includes drinking skim milk instead of whole milk, water instead of sugary drinks, and eating wheat bread instead of white bread.
Calories are a measure of the amount of energy in food items. Calories are necessary to eat to get the energy needed to play, work, and move around. The calories get burned off during movement, so eating will replenish them. But if a person eats more calories than they burn, the excess is stored as fat. There are also some foods that contain empty calories, meaning they have very little nutritional value such as solid fats and sugars.
There are many healthy foods to eat in order to receive the vitamins and minerals needed. For example, vitamin A is found in milk and helps keep the immune system healthy; Vitamin C is found in oranges and other vegetables, which is good for blood vessels, teeth, healing, and the brain. Vitamin D and calcium is great for healthy bones and can be found in milk. Iron is needed for the blood and is available in red meat, poultry, fish, and leafy vegetables. These are just a few of the minerals and vitamins that keep a person healthy.
In summary, good nutrition leads to good health. When a person wants to lose weight, it can be done by eating healthier and exercising regularly. Nearly all foods contain some of the vitamins and minerals needed for the body, but it is also important to eat the right amount of foods from the five food groups: grains, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and protein.
From the above passage, the salient points are highlighted in bold letters. Now with these salient points, answer the questions below;
- Why is it most important for children to eat healthily?
A: Children are smaller than adults.
B: They play and run more often
C: Children like food better.
D: Children are constantly hungry.
- Which of the following food groups includes beef, chicken, and eggs?
A: Protein
B: Grains
C: Dairy
D: Fruits
- Which of the following two food groups are needed slightly more than fruit and protein?
A: Dairy and vegetables
B: Vegetables and grains
C: Dairy and grains
D: All of the above
- Which of the following is the measure of energy in food?
A: Nutrition
B: Calories
C: Values
D: Percent
- What happens when more calories are eaten than burned off?
A: Fat is stored
B: Fat is released
C: Fat is burned off
D: None of the above
THEME: WRITING
OUTLINES- INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to;
- Read through a topic
- Arrange the ideas in logical sequence forming paragraphs
- Write an appropriate introduction and effective conclusion.
CONTENT
Read the passage highlighting main and supporting ideas in each paragraph.
Introduction
Pollution is the degradation of the natural environment by external substances introduced directly or indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and altered permanently by pollution.
Body
Pollution occurs when ecosystems can not get rid of substances introduced into the environment. The critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the ecosystem is broken.
The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents. These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live: the destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air.
Conclusion
Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable development. we have to consider to satisfy the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to protect the environment and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.
Reviews.
1. The first paragraph which is the introduction talks about the meaning of Pollution
- Main ideas - Pollution is the degradation of the natural environment by external substances introduced directly or indirectly.
2. The Second paragraph which is the body talks about the way pollution occurs
- Main ideas - Pollution occurs when ecosystems can not get rid of substances introduced into the environment.
3. The third Paragraph which is also the body talks about the sources of pollution
- Main ideas - They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents.
4. The fourth Paragraph the conclusion talks about prevention of Pollution.
- Main ideas - Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable development.
However, the supporting ideas are other ideas in the paragraph that supports the main ideas.
THEME: SPEECH WORK
CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to;
- Re-tell what they have listened to
- Explain the keywords and expressions of what they have listened to.
CONTENT
CONSONANTS
The first set of symbols presented here represents consonant sounds. Most are fundamental to English pronunciation regardless of accent. Since you might be unfamiliar with some of the terms used to describe the sounds. Examples
/P/
The voiceless stop made with both lips
Found in words like a pen, spin, tip, happy
Letters that usually represent it: “p”
/B/
The voiced stop made with both lips
Found in words like but, web, baby
Letters that usually represent it: “b”
VOWELS
/Æ/
Found in words like cat, lad, bat
Letters that usually represent it: “a”
/Ɑ/
Found in words like of, loss, cloth (General American)
Letters that usually represent it: “o,” “a”
Notice that this symbol is different from the symbol /a/, which some people pronounce in the word “father.” However, the symbol has been omitted from this list.
/Ɔ/
Found in words like law, caught, all, talk
Letters that usually represent it: “a,” “aw,” “au,” “al”
In general, when you say a vowel you do not block the flow of air.
But when you say a consonant, you block the flow of air, for example by
pressing your lips together (as for B)
pressing your bottom lip against your teeth (as for F)
pressing your tongue against the top of your mouth (as for L)
- Speech-based on family
The family is the basic social institution from which the other institutions—political, economic, religious and educational—have grown as increasing cultural complexity made them necessary. It is the institution which links the individual to the large social structure and thus performs the mediating function in the large society.
- Speech Based on the school
It is generally believed that education is basic to all development. According to John Dewey, life is the development and that developing and growing is life. If we translate this view into the sphere of education, we can say that education is considered to aim at all-round development of the individual’s personality.
- Speech-based on Places of worship
Christian worship involves praising God in music and speech, readings from scripture, prayers of various sorts, a sermon, and various holy ceremonies (often called sacraments) such as the Eucharist.
While worship is often thought of only as services in which Christians come together in a group, individual Christians can worship God on their own, and in any place.
- Speech-based on Consumers, markets and society
In the fields of economics, marketing and advertising, a consumer is generally defined as the one who pays to consume the goods and services produced by a seller (i.e., company, organization). A consumer can be a person (or group of people), generally categorized as an end-user or target demographic for a product, good, or service.
Any product, good, or service that is developed must have a target market in mind, in order to be effectively marketed and sold.
- Speech-based on Transportation
It is, in fact, part of the Transport Department's vision "to provide the world's best transport system which is safe, reliable, efficient, environmentally friendly and satisfying to both users and operators".
- Speech-based on Epidemic
Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and a great public health problem worldwide, particularly in Africa and South Asia. About three billion people are at risk of infection in 109 countries. Each year, there are an estimated 250 million cases of malaria leading to approximately one million deaths, mostly in children under five years of age. The organism that causes the most dangerous form of malaria is a microscopic parasite called Plasmodium falciparum.
This parasite is transmitted by mosquito species belonging to the Anopheles genus and only by females of those species.
THEME: LITERATURE
WRITTEN LITERATURE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Students should be able to;
- Identify features of written literature
- Explain literature as a carrier of language and culture.
CONTENT
Written literature is quite simply literature that is written down. The term is used to distinguish it from oral literature, which may include, folk song, oral poetry and traditional tales. Written literature is usually more crafted and includes poetry (often more sophisticated than folk ballads etc), drama, fiction etc as well as essays and philosophical and religious writing.
FEATURES OF WRITTEN LITERATURE
The biggest feature of literary writing is that it is very often based on imagination, ideas and unreal things. As the name suggests, the language used in literary writing is a rich one. The writer uses rich words, poetic devices other language enhancing elements to give the written piece, a good taste and appearance
Literature is an art that uses language as a means to shape an image to reflect social life and express the author’s thoughts and feelings. Originated from human productive labour. The first appeared was oral literature, which was generally linked to music as lyrical poetry that could be sung. Modern literature usually divides literature into four categories: poetry, fiction, prose, and drama.
Culture is a social phenomenon and it is the product of long-term creation. At the same time, it is also a historical phenomenon. It is the accumulation of social history. Culture refers to the history, geography, customs, traditions, ways of life, literature and art, behavioural norms, modes of thinking, and values of a country or a nation. It includes material culture, institutional culture and psychological culture.
The internal structure of culture includes the following levels: material culture, institutional culture, behavioural culture, and mentality culture.
The cultural layer of the matter is the sum of the material production activities and products of human beings. It is a tangible cultural thing with material entities.
The institutional culture layer is a variety of social behaviour norms established by humans in social practice.
The behavioural culture layer is a behaviour pattern that is commonly used in interpersonal communication in the form of etiquette, folklore, and custom.
Mentality culture is a subjective factor such as values, aesthetic tastes, and thinking patterns gestated by human beings in social awareness activities. It is equivalent to the concepts commonly referred to as spiritual culture and social awareness. This is the core of culture.